Page 79 - SST Class 08

q Communal harmony as Mahatma Gandhi 1. The government should express regret over the
wanted to take both Hindus and Muslims with
him.
Info Bits
Info Bits
The Second World War was fought between the
Allied countries (Britain, France, America and
Russia) and Axis countries (Germany, Italy and
Japan), in which the Allied countries won. This war
started when Germany invaded Poland in 1939 and
ended with the dropping of atom bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
THIRD PHASE : 1919-1929
The third phase of nationalist movement for
freedom saw increased activity. The people
became more aware during this phase and rose in
opposition to the British government.
Case Study : Khilafat to Non-cooperation
Khilafat Movement (1919)
Turkey was defeated during the First World War.
The British divided Turkey and committed atrocities
on the Muslims there. It offended the feelings of
the Muslims, so they started the Khilafat
Movement. The Congress supported the movement
in order to win their sympathy. Thus, the people of
India rose in opposition to the British for the
Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy and
atrocities being committed in Turkey.
Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-22)
In the beginning, Mahatma Gandhi wanted to
support and cooperate with the British; however,
now he was convinced that no useful purpose
would be served by supporting the government.
Therefore, he planned to non-cooperate with it and
sought the permission of the Congress to start such
a movement. The Congress agreed with this and
passed a resolution for the same at its Calcutta
session in 1919 and then at its session in Nagpur
in 1920.
Mahatma Gandhi put up the following demands
before the government. He said that if these
demands were not met, he would start the Non-
cooperation Movement . which the movement was called off.
happenings in Amritsar.
2. The government should show liberal attitude
towards Turkey.
3. The government should introduce a new scheme
of reforms to the satisfaction of the Indians.
The British government paid no heed to these
demands; therefore, Mahatma Gandhi decided to
start the Non-cooperation Movement in August,
1920.
Gandhiji advised the people to follow the following
programme for the Non-cooperation Movement :
1. Relinquish titles and resign from honorary
offices.
2. Boycott all official and semi-official functions.
3. Withdraw children from government and
government-aided schools and establish
national schools.
4. Boycott government courts and get disputes
settled by national Panchayats.
5. Boycott elections to all representative bodies.
6. Boycott foreign goods and use Swadeshi goods.
In addition to this, he also advised the Indian
soldiers in the British army not to follow the order
to go abroad.
The movement started non-violently and spread
over the whole of India in no time. The
government adopted repressive measures to crush
the movement. The people were lathi-charged,
beaten in public places and fired upon. Nearly
30,000 people were sent to jail. All shops and
cities observed hartal. The government was
disturbed at this movement, so it proposed an
agreement with Gandhiji. However, Gandhiji
refused it and wrote to the government that if his
demands were not met within a week, he would
begin the Civil Disobedience Movement. This
movement meant that the people would not pay
any taxes to the government.
The Civil Disobedience Movement started on 1
February, 1922. However, a violent incident
occurred on 5 February at Chauri Chaura due to
Nationalist Movement (1919-1947)
79