Page 80 - SST Class 05

and machines were needed for different occupations. Sometimes people clashed with
one another, which necessitated different types of tools like knives and spears. People
also formed into groups and communities, which fought with each other, so different
types of weapons too were developed; this was how swords and lances and other tools
came to be developed.

Hammer

Tongs
Lance
Sword
Bullock cart
Sewing machine
Hinge
Nail Pliers
Saw
Until this time, tools were all operated by hand, so the capacity to work was limited.
An idea was thought how to work more quickly. For this, the factory system was
started in England. In it, different steps of making an article were done by different

people. When a worker did one type of work many times, he could do it better and in
less time. This increased production and brought in better skill.
It was at this time that a machine was about to be developed which would bring
automation. This invention was the steam engine. The Industrial Revolution was about

to be started with this.

Steam Engine
Handcarts and animal-drawn carts were used until the first half of the eighteenth

century. Different types of wheels were being made to fit different types of carts being
made. Speed had improved a little, but it was not yet great. The wheel was also finding
applications in other things than carts, like in scissors, pliers and drillers.

One day, a young boy named James Watt Know It!
observed that steam lifted the lid of a kettle
v James Watt did not invent a steam engine,
in which water was boiling. When steam rather he made its condenser, but it was so
was released from the kettle, it pushed up important an improvement that he is often
the lid. From this, he concluded that steam credited with the invention of the steam engine.
has power. By this time, the steam engine
was already in use, but it wasted a lot of energy. James Watt used this discovery in
making a condenser which utilised steam more efficiently.

He did this in 1769. At first, the steam engine was used to pump out water from
coalmines. This revolutionary idea was soon applied in the fields of transportation,
agriculture and industry, including for ships and railway engines.

An important application of the steam engine was to develop a locomotive. It was
developed by George Stephenson in 1814. This engine, called Blucher , had the capacity

80 Contemporary Social Science-5